Terminology?

What do you call the cycle of chords/measures which are often repeated for a single verse (or a chorus)?

I generally just call it the "verse cycle" or "chorus cycle". Is there a generally accepted term that I haven't heard?

Never heard of it referred to in any specific manner - but your term would work I guess...

In the several original music bands I've been in, nobody's known what to call it. "cycle" it is...

I've heard some people call a pattern a "turnaround". Although I think that term is also used for blues patterns at the end of a 12 bar verse. (?)

If I understand your question, it's called a "chord progression."

For example, let's say your verse has the chords in this order: C F C F G. That's the chord progression for the verse. Sometimes musicians will use the number system to describe it, so you'll hear 1 4 1 4 5 (or I IV I IV V). Your chorus may have a different progression, for example: F C F C Am G, which in numbers would be 4 1 4 1 6m 5 (or IV I IV I vi V).

A "turnaround" usually occurs at the end of chord progression, usually on the last chord. It gets the song to turn around back to the beginning.