hi craig, great article (as usual)... you touched on something i've done too, normalizing phrase by phrase, which i've done for years. i tend to like open source audacity, but pretty much any daw you can use my trick. instead of normalizing, which can add noise, try this trick: use the amplify tool/command, and DE-amplify stuff with it... that way, you can nuke volume issues, with less noise.. and further, you can use it on individual spikes...instead of a compressor or limiter, just de-amplify it... you can zero in on problem spots, and turn them down. i used this a lot to be able to get insanely loud mixes without adding noise, or transient spikes i'd get from using plugins. i know it sounds stupid, but try it sometime, it works.. if you have a spike somewhere, just zoom in on the waveform, highlight it, and turn it down 4 to 6 db, or whatever it takes... kinda like manual compression. peace! pinkjimiphoton