© is a copyright for the published art or lyrics, score, packeging, graphics, etc.
(P) is for performance copyright. I dont know about Phonographic. or maybe it stands for Physical , as in the recording medium. Not certian now.
The P copyright is particular to music, as i havnt seen it elseware.
As a side note a TM is for a logo or other identifying graphics and precedes a formal © copyright.
Also you might notice a SM from time to time indicating use by a govt instituion or school.